Virtualization 

See also: Administrative, Hardware, Networking, OpenStack

The libpod library provides a utility to manage and run containers with CRI-O and not the docker deamon. It provides all of the same arguments and syntax as the docker command (except for Docker Swarm administration) along with additional capabilities to launch standalone Kubernetes pods.

Usage	Explanation
ls	list running containers
create –name <NAME> <IMAGE>:<TAG>	create a container from an image and give it a name
start <NAME>	start a container
start {-i\|–interactive} <NAME>	start a container and attach to the stdin
run –name <NAME> –interactive <IMAGE>:<TAG>	start a container and open an interactive shell inside of it
attach <NAME>	watch the stdout and stderr of a container process
ps {-f\|–filter} status={configured\|created\|exited\|paused\|running\|stopped\|unknown}	filter containers by their current (podman supported) state; note that configured==created and stopped==exited are mapped for compatibility with docker
rm –all	Remove all stopped containers
rmi –all	Remove all images
–tls-verify=false	Disable TLS verification (allow HTTP and insecure HTTPS traffic from registries
logout –all	logout of all container registries
system reset	delete all build cache, containers, images, and pods; this is an alias for podman unshare rm -rf ~/.local/share/container ~/.config/containers

oVirt 

hosted-engine 

This manages the oVirt Engine virtual machine.

Usage	Explanation
–help	Show the available arguments.
<ARGUMENT> –help	Show additional help information about a specific argument.
–console	Attach to the text console of the virtual machine for troubleshooting.
–vm-start	Start the virtual machine.
–vm-status	View the status of the virtual machine.
–vm-{shutdown\|poweroff}	Gracefully shutdown the virtual machine or force it to be powered off immediately.

QEMU 

guestfish 

Package: libguestfs-tools-c

Modify local virtual machine images.

Usage	Explanation
-a	specify the image to modify
–ro	mount the image as read-only
–rw	mount the image as writable
-i	automatically mount partitions
–cmd-help	view guestfish commands that can be ran
<COMMAND>	run a command inside of the image

Example	Explanation
-a rhel76.img –ro -i cat /etc/machine-id	mount the rhel76 image as read-only and then view the contents of the machine-id file

qemu-img 

Package: qemu-img

Create and convert virtual machine images.

Usage	Explanation
convert -f vmdk vmawre_image.vmdk -O qcow2 kvm_image.qcow2	convert a VMDK image to qcow2; valid options for -f/-O include raw, vmdk (VMware), vpc (Hyper-V [vhd]), vdi (VirtualBox), qed (KVM) qcow2 (KVM, Xen)
create -f qcow2 example.qcow2 8G	create an 8GB virtual machine image called ‘example.qcow2’
resize <IMAGENAME> +10G	increase an image to be 10GB larger
info	show information about an image
create -f raw rbd:<POOL>/<IMAGE> <SIZE>G	create a raw RBD image using Ceph
convert -f qcow2 -O raw <QCOW2_IMAGE> rbd:<POOL>/<IMAGE>	upload a file to Ceph, while converting it into a raw format
-o preallocation=metadata	this provides the best performance for QCOW2 images without fully allocating all of the space
-o preallocation=full	the same as metadata except that all zeros (empty space) are actually written to the file system
create -f qcow2 -b <ORIGINAL>.qcow2 <SNAPSHOT>.qcow2	use -b to create a snapshot/backup image (use the snapshot image for the virtual machine now, it will contain the new writes)
-p	show a live progress bar

virsh 

Package: libvirt-client

Usage	Explanation
autostart	set VM for automatic boot
autostart <VM_NAME> –disable	disable automatic boot
console	console directly into a VM
list –all	shows all VMs
create	temporarily start a VM from an XML configuration file
define	start a VM from an XML configuration file and save it
start	start a VM
shutdown	stop a VM
destroy	immediately stop a VM
reboot	restart a VM
undefine	remove a virtual machine
vncdisplay	show the IP address and port (that should be prefixed with ‘590’ that VNC is listening on, if applicable
dominfo	shows the general configuration for the VM
dumpxml	dump the exact XML configuration
edit	edit the XML config with the $EDITOR
setmem <VM_NAME> –live	increase available RAM on a live VM
setmem <VM_NAME> –config	increase available RAM on a VM after it is manually rebooted by virsh
vncdisplay	attaches a VNC connection
capabilities	shows CPU capabilities/features for the current host
managedsave-remove	remove the saved RAM session from a sleeping/suspended VM
snapshot-create-as <VM_NAME> <SNAPSHOT_NAME>	create a snapshot of the virtual machine
snapshot-list	view all of the available snapshots
snapshot-revert –domain <VM> <SNAPSHOT_NAME>	revert a VM image to a snapshot
net-list	list the active libvirt networks
net-list –all	show all of the defined libvirt networks
net-dhcp-leases <NETWORK>	show all DHCP leases that are in use from a libvirt network
net-define	add a new libvirt network configuration based on an XML file
net-start	start a libvirt network
net-destroy	forcefully stop a libvirt network
net-autostart	enable the libvirt network to be started when the libvirtd service is also started
net-undefine	remove the configure for the libvirt network
pool-list	list the available image pools
pool-refresh <IMAGE_POOL>	refresh the cache list of current image names that exist in a given pool

Example	Explanation
attach-interface –domain fileserver1 –type bridge –source br0	attach a new bridge interface ‘br0’ to the ‘fileserver1’ virtual machine

virt-customize 

Package: libguestfs-tools-c

Execute commands inside of a virtual machine image file.

Usage	Explanation
-a <IMAGE_FILE>	specify the image to modify
–root-password password:<PASSWORD>	change the root password
–run-command ‘<COMMAND>’	run a command inside of the image
–uninstall cloud-init	install the cloud-init software that is commonly installed on cloud images
–ssh-inject <USER>:file:<FILE>	inject a specified SSH public key into the user’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file
–ssh-inject <USER>:string:<SSH_KEY_PUB>	same as file except the full public key string can be specified instead of the path to the file

Note that newer versions of this tool will automatically generate an unique machine-id after any customization. This will cause issues later on with cluster services if more than one machine will run using a copy of that base image. systemd will only regenerate it if the configuration file exists and is empty. This can be fixed by running: $ virt-sysprep --operations machine-id -a <IMAGE>.

Example	Explanation
-a /var/lib/libvirt/images/rhel-server-7.6-x86_64-kvm.qcow2 –root-password password:toor –uninstall cloud-init	setup a RHEL 7.6 image to be used on a non-cloud environment

virt-edit 

Package: libguestfs-tools-c

Modify files inside of a virtual machine image file.

Usage	Explanation
<VM> <FULL_FILE_PATH>	specify the virtual machine name and the path of the file to edit

Usage	Explanation
web1 /boot/grub2/grub.conf	edit the GRUB2 configuration file on the web1 virtual machine

virt-filesystems 

Package: libguestfs-tools

Usage	Explanation
–long -h –all -a	find all available partitions in the image file

virt-install 

Package: virt-install

Installation utility for virtual machines.

Usage	Explanation
–name	create guest vm name
–memory	specify the amount of RAM to allocate, in MBs, and options to use
–memorybacking hugepages=on	enable Huge Pages allocation
–vcpus <COUNT>	allocate CPUs
–vcpus <COUNT>,cpuset=<RANGE>	allocate specific CPU cores and threads
–cpu	the CPU model and options to use
–cpu host-passthrough	passthrough the CPU settings from the hypervisor
–disk	specify the partition to use for the vm
–disk path=<PATH>,bus=virtio,cache=none	use a disk and utilize the faster VirtIO drivers
–network bridge=<BRIDGE_DEVICE>,<OPTIONS>	connect the VM to an existing network bridge
–network network=<LIBVIRT_NETWORK>,<OPTIONS>	connect the VM to an existing libvirt network (“default” by default)
–network <BRIDGE_OR_NETWORK>,model=[virtio\|e1000\|rtl8139\|vmxnet3]	configure the virtual network interface card model to use via the “model” option
–cdrom <PATH_TO_ISO>	Specify the ISO to use for the installation of the operating system. It will be detached after the installation is complete / the VM reboots.
–location	network location of the tree file for the OS installation information
–nographics	install via a CLI console
–graphics {vnc,listen=<ADDRESS>,port=<PORT>,password=<PASS>}	use VNC to install the OS via a GUI; other specific options can also be defined such as to listen on all IPs with the 0.0.0.0 wildcard
–import	do not install the OS; use an existing pre-installed OS image or disk
–livecd	skip the installation and always boot from the disk
–initrd-inject <FILE>	add a file to the initrd/initramfs
–extra-args=”<ARGS>”	pass additional Linux kernel /proc/cmdline options
–initrd-inject <KICKSTART_FILE> –extra-args=”ks=file:/<KICKSTART_FILE>”	install the VM using a kickstart file

Example	Explanation
–cpu core2duo	set the processor to use the Intel Core 2 Duo profile
–vcpus 16,cputset=1-8,16-24	allocate 16 vcpus, 8 of them are real cores, the other 8 are their related threads (from a 16/32 core/thread processor) and save the first core/thread 0/15 for the hypervisor
–connect=qemu:///system –network=bridge=br0,model=virtio –extra-args=’ks=console=tty0 console=ttyS0,115200’ –name=centos7 –disk /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7.qcow2,bus=virtio,cache=none,io=native –ram 2048 –vcpus=2 –check-cpu –location=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/7/os/x86_64/ –graphics vnc,listen=0.0.0.0,port=5999,password=<PASSWORD>	do a network install of CentOS 7 via a VNC connection

virt-resize 

Package: libguestfs-tools-c

Automatically increase partitions in virtual machine images.

Usage	Explanation
–expand /dev/sd<XY> <SOURCEIMAGE> <BLANK_DESTINATION_IMAGE>	increase the size of the partition /dev/sdXX to be the maximum available
–expand /dev/sd<XX> –LV-expand /dev/<VOLUMEGROUP>/<LOGICALVOLUME> <SOURCEIMAGE> <BLANK_DESTINATION_IMAGE>	increase the size of a logical volume”

virt-sysprep 

Reset virtual machine settings inside the virtual file system so that it can be cloned.

Usage	Explanation
-a <IMAGE>	specify the file image to modify
-d	specify a libvirt virtual machine to modify
–list-operations	view all available operations (by default all of these will run)
–operations <OPERATION1>,<OPERATION2>	specify the only operations that should run

Example	Explanation
-d examplevm –operations dhcp-client-state,dhcp-server-state,mail-spool,net-hostname,net-hwaddr,ssh-hostkeys,ssh-userdir,udev-persistent-net	run all of the networking related operations

virt-xml 

Generate an XML configuration based on the same arguments usage as virt-install.

virt-xml-validate 

Package: libvirt-client

Validate a libvirt XML configuration for a virtual machine.

Usage	Explanation
<LIBVIRT_XML_FILE>	provide the path to a libvirt XML file

Terraform 

terraform 

Usage	Explanation
help	show the help output
help <COMMAND>	show the help output for a specific command
version	show the Terraform binary version
-install-autocomplete	install shell argument completions for Terraform
init	add Terraform configuration files and download missing plugins
apply	deploy the infrastructure
destroy	remove/cleanup the infrastructure
workspace [delete\|list\|new\|select\|show]	manage different workspaces

Vagrant 

vagrant 

Package: vagrant

Automatically deploy customized virtual machines.

Usage	Explanation
–provider=<TYPE>	use virtualization back-end such as aws, kvm, virtualbox, or vmware_fusion
plugin install vagrant-openstack-provider	install OpenStack support
plugin install vagrant-libvirt	installs KVM support
openstack image-list	list all available OpenStack images
init <VM>	create a new virtual machine based on that image
up <VM>	start the virtual machine
destroy <VM>	delete the virtual machine
box list	show all virtual machines images that are downloaded
box update	update the virtual machine to the latest version
box remove	delete a virtual machine image
destroy	delete and remove a virtual machine
status	show all VMs managed by Vagrant and their current status
halt	shutdown a VM
suspend	suspend the VM into a sleep state
ssh-config	show the SSH configuration details for the virtual machines
box list	show all of the cached images
prune <IMAGE>	delete all old versions of a cached image
box remove <IMAGE>	delete an image

WINE 

wine 

Package: wine

Wine is Not an Emulator (WINE) provides a compatibility layer that translates Windows system calls into native Linux system calls. This provides a way to run Windows programs without virtualizing Windows and minimizing performance overhead.

Usage	Explanation
WINEPREFIX=’’	specify this prefix variable before the wine command to use a different Wine environment
WINEARCH=’’	set the architecture to win32 or win64
WINEDLLOVERRIDES=’<DLL>=b,n’	manually override a DLL to use the built-in Wine libraries and fallback to native Windows DLLs (if those are installed)
msiexec /i	install a MSI executable

Example	Explanation
WINEPREFIX=’/home/user/sw_bf2_prefix’ wine	start wine using a custom directory for an isolated Windows environment

winetricks 

Package: winetricks

Usage	Explanation
WINE=’’	specify the path to the wine binary to use; this is useful if different versions are installed
alldlls=default	revert all DLLs to their default state; if it is managed by Wine then Wine will use it’s built-in replacement

Usage	Explanation
images	show local container images
containers	list all of the buildah containers
from –name <NAME> <OS>:<TAG>	create a new container from the specified image on Docker Hub
run <NAME> /bin/bash	open an interactive shell on the container
rm	remove a container
rmi	remove an image
–format=docker	use the docker format instead of the default OCI format
{bud,build-using-dockerfile Dockerfile}	build an image from a Dockerfile; this mirrors the usage of docker image build
bud -f <DOCKER_FILE> -t <IMAGE_NAME>:<TAG_NAME> .	build a new image from a specified Dockerfile, give it a named tag, and save to the local directory
bud –squash	build an image and consolidate as many layers as possible
push –tls-verify=false <IMAGE> docker://127.0.0.1:5000/<USER>/<IMAGE_NAME>:<TAG>	push the container image to a local private image registry (use the official docker `registry` image to run a local server)

Usage	Explanation
–runtime-endpoint=/var/run/dockershim.sock –image-endpoint=/var/run/dockershim.sock	connect to the `docker` daemon back-end (default)
–runtime-endpoint=/var/run/containerd/containerd.sock –image-endpoint=/var/run/containerd/containerd.sock	connect to the `containerd` daemon back-end
pods	view the running pods
pods –label <KEY>=<VALUE>	view pods with the specified label

Usage	Explanation
search	look for available docker images online
pull <OS>	download the latest image for a specified OS
pull <OS>:<VERSION>	download a specified version
images	show downloaded images
network	manage networks
network ls	view all networks
rmi	remove image files
rm	delete a container
ps	list active containers
–format=”{{json .}}”	list the JSON output and also see which values can be used as part of a JSON query output
ps –format “{{.Names}}”	only show active container names
ps -a	list all active and stopped containers
ps {-f\|–filter} status={created\|dead\|exited\|paused\|removing\|restarting\|running}	filter containers by their current (docker supported) state
ps -f “”status=exited””	show stopped containers
exec	execute a single command in a specified container
exec -it <CONTAINER_ID> bash	open a Bash session in the container
run –name <NAME> <IMAGE>	start a container in the foreground and optionally give it a name
run -d <IMAGE>	start a container in the background
run -d <IMAGE> tail -f /dev/null	start a container and keep it running (by running a never-ending command)
run –net=<NAME> –ip <IP_ADDRESS> -p <HYPERVISOR_PORT>:<CONTAINER_PORT>	start a container using a specific network, assigning a static IP, and setup port forwarding
run –mount type=bind,source=<DIR_ON_HYPERVISOR>,target=<DIR_IN_CONTAINER>	start a container with a bind mount to access the part of the hypervisor’s file system
–volume <DIR_ON_HYPERVISOR>:<DIR_IN_CONTAINER>:z	mount a volume with SELinux labelling enabled
stop	shutdown a container
stop $(docker ps -aq)	stop all containers
logs	view the standard output from a running docker container
logs -c <CONTAINER> <POD>	show the logs from a specific container
logs -p <POD>	show the logs from the previously terminated container
logs -f <POD>	tail the current standard output stream in real-time
{-v,–volume} <SOURCE>:<DESTINATION>	bind mount a folder from the host node to a folder inside of the container for persistent storage
{images\|ps} {-q,–quiet,–quiet=true}	list only IDs for images or running containers
{-f,–force}	force an action
inspect	view detailed information about a container
image build –squash <DOCKERFILE> <IMAGE_NAME>	build a container image from a Dockerfile and consolidate as many layers as possible
image build -f <DOCKERFILE>	build an image using a Dockerfile in a different directory (the current working directory will be used by the build instead of where the Dockerfile is located)
network create –subnet <CIDR> <NETWORK_NAME>	create a new docker network using a specific network CIDR and name
cp <SRC> <CONTAINER>:<DEST>	copy a file or directory from the hypervisor to a container
login <REGISTRY>	log into a container registry
logout <REGISTRY>	log out of a container registry

Example	Explanation
run –detach –privileged –volume=/sys/fs/cgroup:/sys/fs/cgroup:ro unop/fedora-systemd:28 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd	start a docker container with systemd support (requires systemd to be installed into the image)
run -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock —cap-add=SYS_ADMIN	start a container with support to run nested docker containers
run -v /sys/fs/cgroup:/sys/fs/cgroup:ro -v /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock –privileged –name fedora28systemd -d unop/fedora-systemd:28 /usr/sbin/init	run a container with systemd and docker support

Usage	Explanation
get <KEY>	view the value of a key
get / –prefix –keys-only	view the top-level keys
set <KEY> <VALUE>	create a new key-value pair

Virtualization 

Containers 

buildah 

crictl 

docker 

etcdctl 

kubeadm 

kubectl 

minikube 

oc 

podman 

oVirt 

hosted-engine 

QEMU 

guestfish 

qemu-img 

virsh 

virt-customize 

virt-edit 

virt-filesystems 

virt-install 

virt-resize 

virt-sysprep 

virt-xml 

virt-xml-validate 

Terraform 

terraform 

Vagrant 

vagrant 

WINE 

wine 

winetricks 

History 