Wine
Introduction
Wine Is Not an Emulator (Wine) is a compatibility layer that translates Windows systems calls into native POSIX system calls. This provides a fast way to run Windows programs natively on UNIX-like systems. [1]
The ReactOS project is a free and open source operating system built from scratch. The main goal is to mirror the Windows NT operating systems. Work on recreating Windows libraries (DLLs) from Wine is imported and re-used in ReactOS. [2]
Both ReactOS [9] and Wine are clean-room reversed engineered to prevent legal issues. However, the Wine project recommends not to use ReactOS source code. [3]
Installation
Binary Packages
Here is how to install both the 32-bit and 64-bit libraries for Wine. This includes recommended dependencies such as Mono (open source .NET Framework) and Gecko (open source Internet Explorer based on Firefox).
Arch Linux
Minimal [10]:
$ sudo -E ${EDITOR} /etc/pacman.conf [multilib] Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist $ sudo pacman -S -y -y $ sudo pacman -S wine wine-mono wine-gecko
Full:
$ sudo pacman -S wine alsa-lib alsa-plugins dosbox cups giflib gnutls gsm gst-plugins-base-libs gtk3 lib32-alsa-lib lib32-alsa-plugins lib32-giflib lib32-gnutls lib32-gst-plugins-base-libs lib32-gtk3 lib32-libjpeg-turbo lib32-libldap lib32-libpng lib32-libva lib32-libxcomposite lib32-libxinerama lib32-libxslt lib32-mpg123 lib32-ncurses lib32-openal lib32-opencl-icd-loader lib32-sdl2 lib32-vkd3d lib32-vulkan-icd-loader libgphoto2 libjpeg-turbo libldap libpng libva libxcomposite libxinerama libxslt mpg123 ncurses openal opencl-icd-loader pcsclite lib32-pcsclite samba sane sdl2 v4l-utils lib32-v4l-utils vkd3d vulkan-icd-loader wine-gecko wine-mono winetricks
Debian
Minimal [11]:
$ sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install wine wine32 wine64 libwine libwine:i386 fonts-wine
Full:
$ sudo dpkg --add-architecture i386 $ sudo apt update $ sudo apt install --install-recommends wine wine32 wine64 fonts-wine libasound2-plugins:i386 libdbus-1-3:i386 libpcsclite1 libpcsclite1:i386 libsdl2-2.0-0:i386 libsqlite3-0:i386 libwine libwine:i386
Fedora
Minimal:
$ sudo dnf install wine-core wine-core.i686
Full [12][32]:
$ sudo dnf install --setopt=install_weak_deps=True wine alsa-plugins-pulseaudio.x86_64 alsa-plugins-pulseaudio.i686 dosbox-staging.x86_64 flac-libs.i686 json-c.i686 libICE.i686 libSM.i686 libXtst.i686 libasyncns.i686 liberation-narrow-fonts.noarch libieee1284.i686 libogg.i686 libsndfile.i686 libuuid.i686 libva.i686 libvorbis.i686 libwayland-client.i686 libwayland-server.i686 llvm-libs.i686 mesa-dri-drivers.i686 mesa-filesystem.i686 mesa-libEGL.i686 mesa-libgbm.i686 nss-mdns.i686 ocl-icd.i686 pcsc-lite-libs pcsc-lite-libs.i686 pulseaudio-libs.i686 sane-backends-libs.i686 tcp_wrappers-libs.i686 unixODBC.i686 samba-common-tools.x86_64 samba-libs.x86_64 samba-winbind.x86_64 samba-winbind-clients.x86_64 samba-winbind-modules.x86_64 vulkan-loader.x86_64 vulkan-loader.i686
[30][31]
Compile From Source Code
Compiling Wine from source code allows testing out new versions and features sooner. The build can also be highly configured.
Install 64-bit build dependencies.
Fedora [13][14][15][16]:
$ sudo dnf install \ audiofile-devel \ autoconf \ bison \ ccache \ chrpath \ clang \ cups-devel \ dbus-devel \ dbus-libs \ desktop-file-utils \ egl-wayland-devel \ flex \ fontconfig-devel \ fontforge \ fontpackages-devel \ freeglut-devel \ freetype-devel \ freetype-devel \ gcc \ gettext-devel \ giflib-devel \ git \ glibc-devel.i686 \ gnutls-devel \ gsm-devel \ gstreamer1-devel \ gstreamer1-plugins-base-devel \ krb5-devel \ libappstream-glib \ libattr-devel \ libgphoto2-devel \ libieee1284-devel \ libpcap-devel \ librsvg2 \ librsvg2-devel \ libstdc++-devel \ libunwind-devel \ libusb1-devel \ libusbx-devel \ libv4l-devel \ libva-devel \ libxkbcommon-devel \ libX11-devel \ libXcomposite-devel \ libXcursor-devel \ libXext-devel \ libXfixes-devel \ libXi-devel \ libXinerama-devel \ libXmu-devel \ libXrandr-devel \ libXrender-devel \ libXxf86dga-devel \ libXxf86vm-devel \ lld \ make \ mesa-libGL-devel \ mesa-libGLU-devel \ mesa-libOSMesa-devel \ mingw32-FAudio \ mingw32-gcc \ mingw32-lcms2 \ mingw32-libpng \ mingw32-libtiff \ mingw32-libxml2 \ mingw32-libxslt \ mingw32-vkd3d \ mingw32-vulkan-headers \ mingw32-zlib \ mingw64-FAudio \ mingw64-gcc \ mingw64-lcms2 \ mingw64-libpng \ mingw64-libtiff \ mingw64-libxml2 \ mingw64-libxslt \ mingw64-vkd3d \ mingw64-vulkan-headers \ mingw64-zlib \ mpg123-devel \ ocl-icd-devel \ opencl-headers \ openldap-devel \ perl-generators \ pulseaudio-libs-devel \ samba-devel \ sane-backends-devel \ SDL2-devel \ systemd-devel \ unixODBC-devel \ vulkan-devel \ vulkan-headers \ wayland-devel
Install 32-bit build dependencies.
Fedora:
$ sudo dnf install \ audiofile-devel.i686 \ autoconf \ ccache \ clang.i686 \ cups-devel.i686 \ dbus-devel.i686 \ dbus-libs.i686 \ fontconfig-devel.i686 \ fontforge.i686 \ freeglut-devel.i686 \ freetype-devel.i686 \ freetype-devel.i686 \ gcc \ gettext-devel.i686 \ giflib-devel.i686 \ git \ glibc-devel.i686 \ gnutls-devel.i686 \ gsm-devel.i686 \ gstreamer1-devel.i686 \ gstreamer1-plugins-base-devel.i686 \ krb5-devel.i686 \ libappstream-glib.i686 \ libattr-devel.i686 \ libgphoto2-devel.i686 \ libieee1284-devel.i686 \ libpcap-devel.i686 \ librsvg2.i686 \ librsvg2-devel.i686 \ libstdc++-devel.i686 \ libunwind-devel.i686 \ libusb1-devel.i686 \ libv4l-devel.i686 \ libva-devel.i686 \ libX11-devel.i686 \ libXcomposite-devel.i686 \ libXcursor-devel.i686 \ libXext-devel.i686 \ libXfixes-devel.i686 \ libXi-devel.i686 \ libXinerama-devel.i686 \ libXmu-devel.i686 \ libXrandr-devel.i686 \ libXrender-devel.i686 \ libXxf86dga-devel.i686 \ libXxf86vm-devel.i686 \ lld.i686 \ make \ mesa-libGL-devel.i686 \ mesa-libGLU-devel.i686 \ mesa-libOSMesa-devel.i686 \ mingw32-FAudio \ mingw32-gcc \ mingw32-lcms2 \ mingw32-libpng \ mingw32-libtiff \ mingw32-libxml2 \ mingw32-libxslt \ mingw32-vkd3d \ mingw32-vulkan-headers \ mingw32-zlib \ mingw64-FAudio \ mingw64-gcc \ mingw64-lcms2 \ mingw64-libpng \ mingw64-libtiff \ mingw64-libxml2 \ mingw64-libxslt \ mingw64-vkd3d \ mingw64-vulkan-headers \ mingw64-zlib \ ocl-icd-devel.i686 \ opencl-headers \ openldap-devel.i686 \ perl-generators \ pulseaudio-libs-devel.i686 \ samba-devel.i686 \ sane-backends-devel.i686 \ SDL2-devel.i686 \ systemd-devel.i686 \ vulkan-headers \ vulkan-loader-devel.i686
Download the official Wine git repository.
$ git clone https://gitlab.winehq.org/wine/wine.git $ cd wine
Common ./configure arguments [13]:
--enable-win64= Build 64-bit Wine. By default, 32-bit Wine is built.--with-wine64 <DIRECTORY>= Build 32-bit Wine with support for 64-bit by referencing the directory where 64-bit Wine was built.--enable-archs=i386,x86_64= Build Wine with WoW64 support. This only requires 64-bit dependencies but still allows 32-bit Windows programs to work.CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc" --enable-win64= Useccacheto speed up rebulding 64-bit Wine. [17]CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache i686-w64-mingw32-gcc" --with-wine64 <DIRECTORY>= Useccacheto speed rebuilding 32-bit Wine.
Example configure usage:
Configure the use of Fedora’s non-standard location of the FreeType2 source files. [19]
$ ./configure CFLAGS="-I/usr/include/freetype2"
Example builds:
Build 32-bit only Wine. [13]
$ ./configure CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache i686-w64-mingw32-gcc" $ make -j $(nproc)
Build standard Wine with support for both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows programs. [13][18]
$ mkdir win64 $ cd win64 $ ../configure CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc" --enable-win64 $ make -j $(nproc) $ cd .. $ mkdir win32 $ cd win32 $ ../configure CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache i686-w64-mingw32-gcc" --with-wine64=../win64 $ make -j $(nproc) $ cd ..
Once built, use
tools/winewrapperto run 32-bit or 64-bit Windows programs. This script looks for the correct library and binary locations for Wine and sets temporary environment variables for the local installation to work.
Build Wine with WoW64 support. [20] Download the latest release for the best WoW64 support.
$ git clone --branch wine-9.0-rc1 https://gitlab.winehq.org/wine/wine.git $ cd wine $ ./configure CC="ccache gcc" CROSSCC="ccache x86_64-w64-mingw32-gcc" --enable-archs=i386,x86_64 $ make -j $(nproc)
Verify that WoW64 support was built successfully by ensuring that the 32-bit Wine executable file is actually a 64-bit Linux binary.
$ file ./loader/wine loader/wine: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, BuildID[sha1]=6f687b3c6288a675b9fb777dccf1c585caed7acb, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, with debug_info, not stripped
Configuration
Environment Variables
Environment variables can be set by using the “export” Linux shell command or specifying the variables before a Wine command.
Examples:
$ export WINEPREFIX="/home/user/wine_prefix"
$ winecfg
$ WINEPATH="c:/program_dir" wine setup.exe
Name |
Default |
Description |
|---|---|---|
WINEPREFIX |
|
A directory where Wine should create and use an isolated Windows environment. |
WINESERVER |
|
The “wineserver” binary to use. |
WINELOADER |
|
The “wine” binary to use for launching new Windows processes. |
WINEDEBUG |
The debug options to use for logging. |
|
WINEDLLPATH |
|
The directory to load builtin Wine DLLs. |
WINEDLLOVERRIDES |
A list of Wine DLLs that should be overridden. If a DLL fails to load it will attempt to load another DLL (if applicable). By default, all operating system DLLs will only use Wine’s built-in DLLs. |
|
WINEPATH |
Additional paths to append to the Windows PATH variable |
|
WINEARCH |
|
The Windows architecture to use. Valid options are “win32” or “win64.” |
DISPLAY |
The X11 display to run Windows programs in. |
|
AUDIODEV |
|
The audio device to use. |
MIXERDEV |
|
The device to use for mixer controls. |
WINE |
|
This variable is only used for Winetricks. The full path to the Wine binary to use. |
WINE_D3D_CONFIG=”renderer=<RENDERER>” |
|
The WineD3D back-end engine to use. Valid options are “gl” (OpenGL), “vulkan”, or “no3d” (disable rendering). [20][21] |
[4]
WINEDEBUG can be configured to log, or not log, specific information. Specify the log level class, if it should be added “+” or removed “-“, and the channel to use.
Syntax:
WINEDEBUG=<CLASS1>[+|-]<CHANNEL1>,<CLASS2>[+|-]<CHANNEL2>
Example:
WINEDEBUG=warn+all
Classes:
err
warn
fixme
trace
Common channels:
all = All debug information.
heap = All memory access activity.
loaddll = Every time a DLL is loaded.
message = Windows Event Log messages.
msgbox = Whenever a message box is displayed.
olerelay = DCOM specific calls.
relay = Calls between builtin or native DLLs.
seh = Windows exceptions (Structured Exception Handling).
server = RPC communication to wineserver.
snoop = Calls between native DLLS.
synchronous = Use X11’s synchronous mode.
tid = Provides the process ID from where each call came from.
timestamp = Provides a timestamp for each log.
The full list of debug channels can be found at https://wiki.winehq.org/Debug_Channels.
WINEDLLOVERRIDES can be configured to use DLLs provided by Wine and/or Windows DLLs. There are two different types of DLLs in Wine:
b = Builtin Wine DLLs.
n = Native Windows DLLs.
Syntax:
WINEDLLOVERRIDES="<DLL1_OR_PATH_TO_DLL1>=[n|b],[b|n];<DLL2_OR_PATH_TO_DLL2>=[n|b],[b|n]"
Example:
WINEDLLOVERRIDES="shell32=n,b"
The override can set to only run native, native then builtin, or builtin then native DLLs.
[5]
Wayland Support
Wine 9.0 was the first stable release to include partial support for Wayland compositors.
Enable Wayland support:
$ echo 'Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Wine\Drivers]
"Graphics"="x11,wayland"' > /tmp/wayland.reg
$ wine regedit /tmp/wayland.reg
Verify that Wine works with Wayland by unsetting the DISPLAY environment variable [34]:
$ DISPLAY= wine notepad
Graphics Translations
Introduction
These are useful graphics translation layers for running Windows games using Wine and alternative back-end drivers. In some scenarios, a combination of these are required to get games working.
dgVoodoo 2 = Glide (Voodoo) and DirectX <= 9 to DirectX 11.
D8VK = DirectX 8 to Vulkan.
This project also has experimental support for DirectX 7 to Vulkan.
D9VK = This has been merged directly into DXVK. DirectX 9 to Vulkan.
DXVK = DirectX 9, 10, and 11 to Vulkan.
MoltenVK (mac OS) = Vulkan to Metal.
WineD3D = DirectX 8 through 11 to OpenGL 4.4. [23] Older versions of OpenGL will still work but will not expose as many working features of DirectX.
The newer back-end engine Damavand for WineD3D provides Vulkan to DirectX 10 and 11. [22]
Vkd3d = DirectX 12 to Vulkan.
VKD3D-Proton = A fork of Vkd3d that is focused on gaming. Valve only tests this project on AMD and NVIDIA GPUs (not Intel).
D3DMetal = DirectX 12 to Metal. This is bundled with Apple’s Game Porting Toolkit. That toolkit also has support for DirectX 11 and 10 by using DXVK with MoltenVK. DirectX 9 is stubbed out and does not work. The source code of D3DMetal is proprietary. [27] The license does not allow for redistributing D3DMetal. [28]
OpenGL
Wine supports direct OpenGL passthrough for the following versions of OpenGL [33]:
4.4
3.2
1.0
D8VK
Releases
Release highlights:
-
The first stable release.
Most Direct3D 8 games work now.
Supports being built with Microsoft Visual Studio (instead of only MinGW-w32).
Performance was benchmarked to be up to 4x faster than WineD3D.
-
The first relese to support Linux.
Rebased on DXVK 2.0.
Now requires Vulkan 1.3 because of this.
A handful of games work.
-
The first ever release of DXVK. It primarily only supports basic game demos.
This build only works on Windows.
DXVK
Releases
Release highlights:
Build
Install the build dependencies for DXVK.
Fedora [24]:
$ sudo dnf install \ gcc \ gcc-c++ \ glslang \ meson \ mingw64-binutils \ mingw64-cpp \ mingw64-filesystem \ mingw64-gcc \ mingw64-gcc-c++ \ mingw64-headers \ mingw64-winpthreads-static \ mingw32-binutils \ mingw32-cpp \ mingw32-filesystem \ mingw32-gcc \ mingw32-gcc-c++ \ mingw32-headers \ mingw32-winpthreads-static \ wine-devel
Download the DXVK source code.
$ export DXVK_VER="2.2" $ git clone --depth 1 --branch "v${DXVK_VER}" https://github.com/doitsujin/dxvk.git $ cd dxvk $ git submodule update --init --recursive
Compile DXVK. [25]
$ meson setup --cross-file build-win32.txt --buildtype release build.w32 $ cd build.w32 $ ninja $ cd .. $ meson setup --cross-file build-win64.txt --buildtype release build.w64 $ cd build.w64 $ ninja $ cd ..
The DLL files will be located at:
build.[w32|w64]/src/d3d9/d3d9.dll
build.[w32|w64]/src/d3d10/d3d10core.dll
build.[w32|w64]/src/d3d11/d3d11.dll
build.[w32|w64]/src/dxgi/dxgi.dll
Copy these files to the Wine prefix (
~/.wine/by default).$ cp ./build.w32/src/*/*.dll ${WINE_PREFIX}/drive_c/windows/syswow64/ $ cp ./build.w64/src/*/*.dll ${WINE_PREFIX}/drive_c/windows/system32/
Installation
Automatic:
With
winetricks.Update
winetricks, view all of the available versions that can be installed, and then install the latest version.$ sudo winetricks --self-update $ winetricks list-all | grep dxvk $ winetrick dxvk
With a package manager.
Arch Linux:
$ yay -S dxvk-bin
Debian [26]:
$ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install dxvk-wine32-development dxvk-wine64-development
Fedora:
$ sudo dnf install wine-dxvk.i686 wine-dxvk.x86_64
Manual:
Either build or download a DXVK release.
Download:
$ export DXVK_VER=2.2 $ wget "https://github.com/doitsujin/dxvk/releases/download/v${DXVK_VER}/dxvk-${DXVK_VER}.tar.gz" $ tar -x -v -f dxvk-${DXVK_VER}.tar.gz
Copy the 32-bit DLLs to
${WINE_PREFIX}/drive_c/windows/syswow64/.Copy the 64-bit DLLs to
${WINE_PREFIX}/drive_c/windows/system32/.Use Wine with overrides for those DLLs to use the native versions instead of Wine’s built-in DLLs.
For the CLI, this can be set via the
WINEDLLOVERRIDESenviornment variable.$ WINEDLLOVERRIDES="dxgi=n;d3d9=n;d3d10core=n;d3d11=n" wine
For the GUI, this can be set via the Wine configuration tool by going to the “Libraries” tab and adding overrides for
dxgi,d3d9,d3d10core, andd3d11. [25]$ winecfg
Forks
Many forks of the upstream Wine project exist.
For Linux and macOS:
Wine = The official Wine project.
Download the source code here.
Download the binary program here (official package), here (unofficial portable Linux binary), or here (unofficial portable macOS binary).
Staging = Experimental patches that are either too large, too complex, lack tests, or are hacky workarounds for specific applications. The goal is to provide a place to test patches before they are merged into upstream Wine.
Download the source code here.
Download the binary program here (official package), here (unofficial portable Linux binary), or here (unofficial portable macOS binary).
CrossOver = The commercial product of Wine made by CodeWeavers which employees most of the upstream Wine developers. It is available for ChromeOS, Linux, and macOS.
Download the source code here.
Download the binary program here (official CrossOver package) or here (unofficial macOS build of CrossOver Wine).
For Linux only:
Lutris = A combination of patches from Proton, Proton GE, and TKG. As of 2023, these have been replaced by Wine GE Proton builds.
Proton = Officially developed by CodeWeavers and funded by Valve, it aims to provide better compatibility and performance for gaming on Linux. It bundles DXVK, VKD3D-Proton, Mono, FAudio, fsync, missing fonts, and OpenVR.
Download the source code here.
Download the binary program from Steam or here (unofficial portable Linux binary).
Proton-tkg = A highly configurable set of scripts for building Wine with Proton patches. The default build uses Proton Experimental with Wine Staging patches. It is unofficially known as Broton Experimental.
Wine-tkg = Proton-tkg without the Steam client integration patches.
GE Proton (or proton-ge-custom) = Proton Experimental patched with the latest versions of dependencies from unreleased git code. A select few patches from Wine Staging are also used. An improved fork of protonfixes is bundled to apply workarounds for certain games. GStreamer bad and ugly plugins are provided for playing all types of media files.
Wine GE Proton (or wine-ge-custom) = GE Proton with patches to remove Steam client integration.
For macOS only:
Frameworks
Various different frameworks exist for helping to install Windows applications on UNIX-like systems. These normally use a combination of Wine, winetricks, and scripts to modify settings and configurations for specific Windows applications to work.
Lutris = An open source gaming platform that helps with installing emulators and Windows applications. It uses JSON and YAML structures to define how to install applications using Python helper functions.
PlayOnLinux 4 (PoL 4) = Uses bash scripts to help with installing Windows applications.
Phoenicis = This is the official successor to PlayOnLinux, unofficially known as PlayOnLinux 5. It uses a JSON structure to define dependencies and uses Java helper functions to assist with installing applications.
Steam Play = Uses Proton, a forked version of Wine, to natively run Windows games on Linux using the Steam gaming platform.
Lutris
Add a Game Shortcut to Steam
Lutris supports adding non-Steam games to the Steam client. First exit Steam completely. Then create the Steam shortcut.
(Right-click on the Steam icon in the system tray) > Exit Steam
(Right-click on a game in Lutris) > Create Steam shortcut
If this does not work on the Steam Deck, create a desktop shortcut first and then add that to Steam. [29]
(Right-click on a game in Lutris) > Create desktop shortcut
(Right-click on the desktop shortcut for the game) > Add to Steam
PlayOnLinux 4
PlayOnLinux (PoL) uses Python helper functions inside of BASH scripts to define how to install an application. Windows applications are installed into their own separate Wine prefixes so dependencies from one application does not interfere with those from another. All of the data that PoL handles is stored in $HOME/.PlayOnLinux/.
Important directories:
wine/linux-{amd64|x86}/<WINE_VERSION>/= Different versions of Wine are stored here.wineprefix/= Isolated Wine prefixes for each game are stored here.
Versions of Wine from Lutris can be downloaded and extracted into the wine/linux-<ARCHITECTURE>/ directory. These will become available for use in PlayOnLinux. Lutris builds stable, development, staging, and custom patched versions of Wine. [6]
Steam Play
Linux Sales
Steam reports the operating system in use for each sale of a developer’s game. For counting as a Linux purchase, it can be bought on the Steam client for Linux and not played. Alternatively, it has to be played on Linux (even with Proton/Steam Play) more than any other platform in the first two weeks. The operating system reported after the end of the two weeks is final and will never change. [7]
Manual Proton
Games can be run with Proton manually outside of Steam. This requires both the STEAM_COMPAT_DATA_PATH and WINEPREFIX variables to be set. Other executables from the game can also be ran this way. [8] It is not recommended to use Proton to run non-Steam games due to runtime compatibility issues.
STEAM_COMPAT_DATA_PATH="$HOME/.steam/steam/steamapps/compatdata/<STEAM_GAME_ID>" WINEPREFIX="$HOME/.steam/steam/steamapps/compatdata/<STEAM_GAME_ID>/pfx" "$HOME/.steam/root/compatibilitytools.d/<PROTON_VERSION>/proton" run "$HOME/steam/steamapps/common/<GAME_NAME>/<GAME_EXE>"
Game Bans
Some video games will ban players if they are using Wine due to false-positive reports from their anti-cheat software. Here are a few lists of games that have been known to ban players who use Wine on Linux.
Bans still being created:
Previous bans that have now been addressed:
History
Bibliography
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“F19: can’t find libudev.” FedoraForum.org. October 7, 2013. Accessed March 7, 2023. https://forums.fedoraforum.org/showthread.php?292206-F19-can-t-find-libudev
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